I’m pleased to be able to post here a report of some important new research from Gregory Heyworth and Roger Easton which will doubtless be of broader interest:
Dating to the first half of
the 4th century, the Codex Vercellensis or Codex A is the earliest manuscript
of the Gospels in Latin. As such, it is perhaps the closest witness to the text
of the Christian Bible in the West in the age of Constantine and the Council of
Nicaea. Housed in the Capitulary Library of Vercelli since the time of St.
Eusebius of Vercelli under whose auspices it was written, the manuscript now contains
317 folios, many of which are badly damaged by mold and decay to the point of
illegibility. In fact, the last edition of Codex A to be made from an original
reading of the manuscript was in the mid 18th century when it was considerably
more legible than it is today.
To stabilize the crumbling manuscript, Franz Ehrle, head
conservator at the Vatican in the early 20th century, disbound it
and encased each bifolium in thin sheets of gelatin. While effective in
preventing further decay, the gelatin also inhibits ultraviolet light which
scholars have traditionally used to enhance reading through fluorescence. In an
effort return Codex A to the attention of scholars, the curator of the Capitulary
Library and Museum of the Dome, Timoty Leonardi, contacted the Lazarus Project
for assistance in recovering text from the manuscript.
In March 2013, a team from the Lazarus Project (http://www.lazarusprojectimaging.com/) traveled to Vercelli to collect
spectral images of sample leaves from the codex. In July 2014 they returned to
image the entire manuscript, this time with help from the Early Manuscripts
Electronic Library (http://emel-library.org/).
Spectral imaging involves two distinct phases. First,
imagers photograph the manuscript with a 50-megapixel camera fitted with a
specially calibrated quartz lens and a dual filter wheel.
Specially designed LED light
units illuminate each folio both from above (reflectively) and below
(transmissively) in twelve different wavelengths of light between the
ultraviolet (365nm) and the infrared (940nm). Fluorescence from the manuscript
provoked by ultraviolet and blue light is separated and captured with the help
of a dual filter wheel that sits in front of the lens. All told, as many as thirty-three
individual images of each page are captured by the computer-driven system,
totaling in this case over 20,000 photos in a ten day period and over 4 terabytes
of data.
In the image processing phase, combinations of these bands
are computed digitally using a hypersectral software called ENVI that is
traditionally used for processing geospatial images from satellites. The goal
is to enhance the contrast of the text to the background. The image
“cubes” are then further refined using statistical processing known
as Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA).
In this example, pseudocolor images with different combinations of spectral
bands were animated to show how the text looks before and after image
processing.
The key to the effectiveness of a spectral imaging project
lies in the interdisciplinarity of the team. Led by Dr. Gregory Heyworth, a
medievalist and codicologist trained in textual editing, the Lazarus Project
team is comprised of imaging scientists Drs. Keith Knox and Roger Easton, both
of whom are known for their pioneering work on the Archimedes Palimpsest among
many other major recovery intitiatives. They were joined by Michael Phelps,
Executive Director of EMEL, a biblical scholar by training, who directs the
Sinai palimpsest project at St. Catherine’s monastery, and by Ken Boydston of
MegaVision Corporation, who constructed the camera system and designed the lens,
and who is known, among other things, for his work imaging the Dead Sea Scrolls
multispectrally. The team was rounded out by a number of undergraduate students
from the University of Mississippi and the Rochester Institute of Technology
who are learning the interdisciplinary skills of textual science necessary to
broaden the awareness of this esoteric field for the next generation.
The result of the first imaging is shown in the animation
video. Much of the text that is unreadable to the unaided eye reveals itself in
the spectral images. Processing of images of the entire manuscript is now
ongoing. Additional results are expected by the end of summer 2015, to be
followed by a new edition by Heyworth under the auspices of the Vetus Latina
Institute.
Fascinating technology. Along these kinds of lines, I was at the SBL Pacific Coast Regional mtg this past weekend, and two professors from Pepperdine (Randall Chesnutt and Ronald Cox) who had been working on 0220 (now owned by the Greens and part of their Passages exhibit) made a presentation. This parchment fragment is rather wrinkled and some of the lettering uncertain. But they used software (InscriptiFact) from Bruce Zuckerman at USC to analyze the contours of the item more precisely. Basically, multiple images are made of an item with the lighting being moved to 36 different positions so that when these images are fed into the software, you can adjust the lighting and shadows... somewhat akin to the effect of the sun crossing the sky with shadows of objects on the ground. So they were able to ascertain more letters with confidence than previous studies. Their findings are planned to be published in the Brill series of the Green papyri (even though this is a parchment item). Fascinating technology to analyze items that are not flat or smooth.
ReplyDeleteIt ought to be possible to physically flatten something like 0220 as well.
ReplyDeleteJust as long as they don't fill in the hole!
ReplyDeleteOn the hole in 0220 see here: http://evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.co.uk/2006/02/0220-at-romans-51.html
ReplyDeleteNice discussion of Rom 5:1 and 0220 on that thread.
DeleteChestnutt and Cox also found that a small tab was folded under at the hole in εχομεν, which when folded back reveals more of the ink stroke of the omicron. Using computer images, they also superimposed a few omegas from other parts of the manuscript onto the hole to show that omega was too large of a letter to fit. They advocate removing the "vid" from 0220vid as evidence for εχομεν.
I think the interesting thing about this project, and also with the Archimedes palimpsest project, is the joint ownership of both textual scholar and technologist. Of course they are depending on some separate skills and activities, but keeping the communication going between the needs and desires of the textual scholar and the possibilities offered by the application of technology (both the MSI and crucially the software analysis) seems to make the process smoother.
ReplyDeleteIs there anything by way of update, or any estimate as to when Codex a images will be posted online? Fascinating work.
ReplyDeleteAs an update, the images are not publically available online. However, I have been in touch with Gregory Heyworth, co-director of Project Lazarus, who graciously provided access to the pages I requested. NB, the codex is in disbound bifolia, so it has page numbers rather than foliation. In any case, the numbering system in Gasquet's 1914 transcription (available here: http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015036707175;view=1up;seq=167) neatly aligns with the Lazarus Project file names.
DeleteExcellent piece. Does Vercellenses have the pericope adulterae?
ReplyDelete